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TERMIOS(4) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMIOS(4) NNAAMMEE tteerrmmiiooss - general terminal line discipline SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ##iinncclluuddee <<tteerrmmiiooss..hh>> DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN This describes a general terminal line discipline that is supported on tty asynchronous communication ports. OOppeenniinngg aa TTeerrmmiinnaall DDeevviiccee FFiillee When a terminal file is opened, it normally causes the process to wait until a connection is established. For most hardware, the presence of a connection is indicated by the assertion of the hardware CARRIER line. If the termios structure associated with the terminal file has the CLOCAL flag set in the cflag, or if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set in the open(2) call, then the open will succeed even without a connection being present. In practice, applications seldom open these files; they are opened by special programs, such as getty(2) or rlogind(2), and become an applica- tion's standard input, output, and error files. JJoobb CCoonnttrrooll iinn aa NNuuttsshheellll Every process is associated with a particular process group and session. The grouping is hierarchical: every member of a particular process group is a member of the same session. This structuring is used in managing groups of related processes for purposes of _j_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l; that is, the ability from the keyboard (or from program control) to simultaneously stop or restart a complex command (a command composed of one or more re- lated processes). The grouping into process groups allows delivering of signals that stop or start the group as a whole, along with arbitrating which process group has access to the single controlling terminal. The grouping at a higher layer into sessions is to restrict the job control related signals and system calls to within processes resulting from a particular instance of a "login". Typically, a session is created when a user logs in, and the login terminal is setup to be the controlling ter- minal; all processes spawned from that login shell are in the same ses- sion, and inherit the controlling terminal. A job control shell operat- ing interactively (that is, reading commands from a terminal) normally groups related processes together by placing them into the same process group. A set of processes in the same process group is collectively re- ferred to as a "job". When the foreground process group of the terminal is the same as the process group of a particular job, that job is said to be in the "foreground". When the process group of the terminal is dif- ferent than the process group of a job (but is still the controlling ter- minal), that job is said to be in the "background". Normally the shell reads a command and starts the job that implements that command. If the command is to be started in the foreground (typical), it sets the process group of the terminal to the process group of the started job, waits for the job to complete, and then sets the process group of the terminal back to its own process group (it puts itself into the foreground). If the job is to be started in the background (as denoted by the shell operator "&"), it never changes the process group of the terminal and doesn't wait for the job to complete (that is, it immediately attempts to read the next command). If the job is started in the foreground, the user may type a key (usually `^Z') which generates the terminal stop signal (SIGTSTP) and has the affect of stopping the entire job. The shell will notice that the job stopped, and will resume running after placing itself in the foreground. The shell also has commands for placing stopped jobs in the background, and for placing stopped or background jobs into the foreground. OOrrpphhaanneedd PPrroocceessss GGrroouuppss An orphaned process group is a process group that has no process whose parent is in a different process group, yet is in the same session. Con- ceptually it means a process group that doesn't have a parent that could do anything if it were to be stopped. For example, the initial login shell is typically in an orphaned process group. Orphaned process groups are immune to keyboard generated stop signals and job control signals re- sulting from reads or writes to the controlling terminal. TThhee CCoonnttrroolllliinngg TTeerrmmiinnaall A terminal may belong to a process as its controlling terminal. Each process of a session that has a controlling terminal has the same con- trolling terminal. A terminal may be the controlling terminal for at most one session. The controlling terminal for a session is allocated by the session leader by issuing the TIOCSCTTY ioctl. A controlling termi- nal is never acquired by merely opening a terminal device file. When a controlling terminal becomes associated with a session, its foreground process group is set to the process group of the session leader. The controlling terminal is inherited by a child process during a fork(2) function call. A process relinquishes its controlling terminal when it creates a new session with the setsid(2) function; other processes re- maining in the old session that had this terminal as their controlling terminal continue to have it. A process does not relinquish its control- ling terminal simply by closing all of its file descriptors associated with the controlling terminal if other processes continue to have it open. When a controlling process terminates, the controlling terminal is disas- sociated from the current session, allowing it to be acquired by a new session leader. Subsequent access to the terminal by other processes in the earlier session will be denied, with attempts to access the terminal treated as if modem disconnect had been sensed. TTeerrmmiinnaall AAcccceessss CCoonnttrrooll If a process is in the foreground process group of its controlling termi- nal, read operations are allowed. Any attempts by a process in a back- ground process group to read from its controlling terminal causes a SIGTTIN signal to be sent to the process's group unless one of the fol- lowing special cases apply: If the reading process is ignoring or block- ing the SIGTTIN signal, or if the process group of the process is or- phaned, the read(2) returns -1 with _e_r_r_n_o _s_e_t _t_o EIO and no signal is sent. The default action of the SIGTTIN signal is to stop the process to which it is sent. If a process is in the foreground process group of its controlling termi- nal, write operations are allowed. Attempts by a process in a background process group to write to its controlling terminal will cause the process group to be sent a SIGTTOU signal unless one of the following special cases apply: If TOSTOP is not set, or if TOSTOP is set and the process is ignoring or blocking the SIGTTOU signal, the process is allowed to write to the terminal and the SIGTTOU signal is not sent. If TOSTOP is set, and the process group of the writing process is orphaned, and the writing process is not ignoring or blocking SIGTTOU, the write returns -1 with errno set to EIO and no signal is sent. Certain calls that set terminal parameters are treated in the same fash- ion as write, except that TOSTOP is ignored; that is, the effect is iden- tical to that of terminal writes when TOSTOP is set. IInnppuutt PPrroocceessssiinngg aanndd RReeaaddiinngg DDaattaa A terminal device associated with a terminal device file may operate in full-duplex mode, so that data may arrive even while output is occurring. Each terminal device file has associated with it an input queue, into which incoming data is stored by the system before being read by a pro- cess. The system imposes a limit, {MAX_INPUT}, on the number of bytes that may be stored in the input queue. The behavior of the system when this limit is exceeded depends on the setting of the IMAXBEL flag in the termios _c___i_f_l_a_g. If this flag is set, the terminal is sent an ASCII BEL character each time a character is received while the input queue is full. Otherwise, the input queue is flushed upon receiving the charac- ter. Two general kinds of input processing are available, determined by whether the terminal device file is in canonical mode or noncanonical mode. Additionally, input characters are processed according to the _c___i_f_l_a_g and _c___l_f_l_a_g fields. Such processing can include echoing, which in general means transmitting input characters immediately back to the terminal when they are received from the terminal. This is useful for terminals that can operate in full-duplex mode. The manner in which data is provided to a process reading from a terminal device file is dependent on whether the terminal device file is in canon- ical or noncanonical mode. Another dependency is whether the O_NONBLOCK flag is set by open() or fcntl(). If the O_NONBLOCK flag is clear, then the read request is blocked until data is available or a signal has been received. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, then the read request is completed, without blocking, in one of three ways: 1. If there is enough data available to satisfy the entire re- quest, and the read completes successfully the number of bytes read is returned. 2. If there is not enough data available to satisfy the entire request, and the read completes successfully, having read as much data as possible, the number of bytes read is returned. 3. If there is no data available, the read returns -1, with errno set to EAGAIN. When data is available depends on whether the input processing mode is canonical or noncanonical. CCaannoonniiccaall MMooddee IInnppuutt PPrroocceessssiinngg In canonical mode input processing, terminal input is processed in units of lines. A line is delimited by a newline `\n' character, an end-of- file (EOF) character, or an end-of-line (EOL) character. See the _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s section for more information on EOF and EOL. This means that a read request will not return until an entire line has been typed, or a signal has been received. Also, no matter how many bytes are requested in the read call, at most one line is returned. It is not, however, nec- essary to read a whole line at once; any number of bytes, even one, may be requested in a read without losing information. {MAX_CANON} is a limit on the number of bytes in a line. The behavior of the system when this limit is exceeded is the same as when the input queue limit {MAX_INPUT}, is exceeded. Erase and kill processing occur when either of two special characters, the ERASE and KILL characters (see the _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _s_e_c_t_i_o_n), is received. This processing affects data in the input queue that has not yet been delimited by a newline NL, EOF, or EOL character. This un-de- limited data makes up the current line. The ERASE character deletes the last character in the current line, if there is any. The KILL character deletes all data in the current line, if there is any. The ERASE and KILL characters have no effect if there is no data in the current line. The ERASE and KILL characters themselves are not placed in the input queue. NNoonnccaannoonniiccaall MMooddee IInnppuutt PPrroocceessssiinngg In noncanonical mode input processing, input bytes are not assembled into lines, and erase and kill processing does not occur. The values of the MIN and TIME members of the _c___c_c array are used to determine how to pro- cess the bytes received. MIN represents the minimum number of bytes that should be received when the read function successfully returns. TIME is a timer of 0.1 second granularity that is used to time out bursty and short term data transmis- sions. If MIN is greater than { MAX_INPUT}, the response to the request is undefined. The four possible values for MIN and TIME and their inter- actions are described below. CCaassee AA:: MMIINN >> 00,, TTIIMMEE >> 00 In this case TIME serves as an inter-byte timer and is activated after the first byte is received. Since it is an inter-byte timer, it is reset after a byte is received. The interaction between MIN and TIME is as follows: as soon as one byte is received, the inter-byte timer is start- ed. If MIN bytes are received before the inter-byte timer expires (re- member that the timer is reset upon receipt of each byte), the read is satisfied. If the timer expires before MIN bytes are received, the char- acters received to that point are returned to the user. Note that if TIME expires at least one byte is returned because the timer would not have been enabled unless a byte was received. In this case (MIN > 0, TIME > 0) the read blocks until the MIN and TIME mechanisms are activated by the receipt of the first byte, or a signal is received. If data is in the buffer at the time of the read(), the result is as if data had been received immediately after the read(). CCaassee BB:: MMIINN >> 00,, TTIIMMEE == 00 In this case, since the value of TIME is zero, the timer plays no role and only MIN is significant. A pending read is not satisfied until MIN bytes are received (i.e., the pending read blocks until MIN bytes are re- ceived), or a signal is received. A program that uses this case to read record-based terminal I/O may block indefinitely in the read operation. CCaassee CC:: MMIINN == 00,, TTIIMMEE >> 00 In this case, since MIN = 0, TIME no longer represents an inter-byte timer. It now serves as a read timer that is activated as soon as the read function is processed. A read is satisfied as soon as a single byte is received or the read timer expires. Note that in this case if the timer expires, no bytes are returned. If the timer does not expire, the only way the read can be satisfied is if a byte is received. In this case the read will not block indefinitely waiting for a byte; if no byte is received within TIME*0.1 seconds after the read is initiated, the read returns a value of zero, having read no data. If data is in the buffer at the time of the read, the timer is started as if data had been re- ceived immediately after the read. CCaassee DD:: MMIINN == 00,, TTIIMMEE == 00 The minimum of either the number of bytes requested or the number of bytes currently available is returned without waiting for more bytes to be input. If no characters are available, read returns a value of zero, having read no data. WWrriittiinngg DDaattaa aanndd OOuuttppuutt PPrroocceessssiinngg When a process writes one or more bytes to a terminal device file, they are processed according to the _c___o_f_l_a_g field (see the _O_u_t_p_u_t _M_o_d_e_s sec- tion). The implementation may provide a buffering mechanism; as such, when a call to write() completes, all of the bytes written have been scheduled for transmission to the device, but the transmission will not necessarily have been completed. SSppeecciiaall CChhaarraacctteerrss Certain characters have special functions on input or output or both. These functions are summarized as follows: INTR Special character on input and is recognized if the ISIG flag (see the _L_o_c_a_l _M_o_d_e_s section) is enabled. Generates a SIGINT signal which is sent to all processes in the foreground process group for which the terminal is the controlling terminal. If ISIG is set, the INTR character is discarded when processed. QUIT Special character on input and is recognized if the ISIG flag is enabled. Generates a SIGQUIT signal which is sent to all pro- cesses in the foreground process group for which the terminal is the controlling terminal. If ISIG is set, the QUIT character is discarded when processed. ERASE Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Erases the last character in the current line; see _C_a_n_o_n_i_c_a_l _M_o_d_e _I_n_p_u_t _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g. It does not erase beyond the start of a line, as delimited by an NL, EOF, or EOL character. If ICANON is set, the ERASE character is discarded when pro- cessed. KILL Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Deletes the entire line, as delimited by a NL, EOF, or EOL character. If ICANON is set, the KILL character is discarded when processed. EOF Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. When received, all the bytes waiting to be read are im- mediately passed to the process, without waiting for a newline, and the EOF is discarded. Thus, if there are no bytes waiting (that is, the EOF occurred at the beginning of a line), a byte count of zero is returned from the read(), representing an end- of-file indication. If ICANON is set, the EOF character is dis- carded when processed. NL Special character on input and is rec- ognized if the ICANON flag is set. It is the line delimiter `\n'. EOL Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Is an additional line delimiter, like NL. SUSP If the ISIG flag is enabled, receipt of the SUSP character causes a SIGTSTP signal to be sent to all processes in the foreground process group for which the terminal is the controlling terminal, and the SUSP character is discarded when processed. STOP Special character on both input and output and is recognized if the IXON (output control) or IXOFF (input control) flag is set. Can be used to temporarily suspend output. It is useful with fast terminals to prevent output from disappearing before it can be read. If IXON is set, the STOP character is discarded when processed. START Special character on both input and output and is recognized if the IXON (output control) or IXOFF (input control) flag is set. Can be used to resume output that has been suspended by a STOP character. If IXON is set, the START character is discarded when processed. CR Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set; it is the `\r', as denoted in the C Stan- dard {2}. When ICANON and ICRNL are set and IGNCR is not set, this character is translated into a NL, and has the same effect as a NL character. The following special characters are extensions defined by this system and are not a part of 1003.1 termios. EOL2 Secondary EOL character. Same function as EOL. WERASE Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Erases the last word in the current line according to one of two algorithms. If the ALTWERASE flag is not set, first any preceding whitespace is erased, and then the maximal sequence of non-whitespace characters. If ALTWERASE is set, first any preceding whitespace is erased, and then the maximal sequence of alphabetic/underscores or non alphabetic/underscores. As a spe- cial case in this second algorithm, the first previous non- whitespace character is skipped in determining whether the pre- ceding word is a sequence of alphabetic/undercores. This sounds confusing but turns out to be quite practical. REPRINT Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Causes the current input edit line to be retyped. DSUSP Has similar actions to the SUSP character, except that the SIGTSTP signal is delivered when one of the processes in the foreground process group issues a read() to the controlling ter- minal. LNEXT Special character on input and is recognized if the IEXTEN flag is set. Receipt of this character causes the next character to be taken literally. DISCARD Special character on input and is recognized if the IEXTEN flag is set. Receipt of this character toggles the flushing of termi- nal output. STATUS Special character on input and is recognized if the ICANON flag is set. Receipt of this character causes a SIGINFO signal to be sent to the foreground process group of the terminal. Also, if the NOKERNINFO flag is not set, it causes the kernel to write a status message to the terminal that displays the current load av- erage, the name of the command in the foreground, its process ID, the symbolic wait channel, the number of user and system seconds used, the percentage of cpu the process is getting, and the resi- dent set size of the process. The NL and CR characters cannot be changed. The values for all the re- maining characters can be set and are described later in the document un- der Special Control Characters. Special character functions associated with changeable special control characters can be disabled individually by setting their value to {_POSIX_VDISABLE}; see _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_o_n_t_r_o_l _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s. If two or more special characters have the same value, the function per- formed when that character is received is undefined. MMooddeemm DDiissccoonnnneecctt If a modem disconnect is detected by the terminal interface for a con- trolling terminal, and if CLOCAL is not set in the _c___c_f_l_a_g field for the terminal, the SIGHUP signal is sent to the controlling process associated with the terminal. Unless other arrangements have been made, this causes the controlling process to terminate. Any subsequent call to the read() function returns the value zero, indicating end of file. Thus, processes that read a terminal file and test for end-of-file can terminate appro- priately after a disconnect. Any subsequent write() to the terminal de- vice returns -1, with _e_r_r_n_o set to EIO, until the device is closed. GGeenneerraall TTeerrmmiinnaall IInntteerrffaaccee CClloossiinngg aa TTeerrmmiinnaall DDeevviiccee FFiillee The last process to close a terminal device file causes any output to be sent to the device and any input to be discarded. Then, if HUPCL is set in the control modes, and the communications port supports a disconnect function, the terminal device performs a disconnect. PPaarraammeetteerrss TThhaatt CCaann BBee SSeett Routines that need to control certain terminal I/O characteristics do so by using the termios structure as defined in the header <_t_e_r_m_i_o_s_._h>. This structure contains minimally four scalar elements of bit flags and one array of special characters. The scalar flag elements are named: _c___i_f_l_a_g, _c___o_f_l_a_g, _c___c_f_l_a_g, and _c___l_f_l_a_g. The character array is named _c___c_c, and its maximum index is NCCS. IInnppuutt MMooddeess Values of the _c___i_f_l_a_g field describe the basic terminal input control, and are composed of following masks: IGNBRK /* ignore BREAK condition */ BRKINT /* map BREAK to SIGINTR */ IGNPAR /* ignore (discard) parity errors */ PARMRK /* mark parity and framing errors */ INPCK /* enable checking of parity errors */ ISTRIP /* strip 8th bit off chars */ INLCR /* map NL into CR */ IGNCR /* ignore CR */ ICRNL /* map CR to NL (ala CRMOD) */ IXON /* enable output flow control */ IXOFF /* enable input flow control */ IXANY /* any char will restart after stop */ IMAXBEL /* ring bell on input queue full */ In the context of asynchronous serial data transmission, a break condi- tion is defined as a sequence of zero-valued bits that continues for more than the time to send one byte. The entire sequence of zero-valued bits is interpreted as a single break condition, even if it continues for a time equivalent to more than one byte. In contexts other than asyn- chronous serial data transmission the definition of a break condition is implementation defined. If IGNBRK is set, a break condition detected on input is ignored, that is, not put on the input queue and therefore not read by any process. If IGNBRK is not set and BRKINT is set, the break condition flushes the in- put and output queues and if the terminal is the controlling terminal of a foreground process group, the break condition generates a single SIGINT signal to that foreground process group. If neither IGNBRK nor BRKINT is set, a break condition is read as a single `\0', or if PARMRK is set, as `\377', `\0', `\0'. If IGNPAR is set, a byte with a framing or parity error (other than break) is ignored. If PARMRK is set, and IGNPAR is not set, a byte with a framing or parity error (other than break) is given to the application as the three-charac- ter sequence `\377', `\0', X, where `\377', `\0' is a two-character flag preceding each sequence and X is the data of the character received in error. To avoid ambiguity in this case, if ISTRIP is not set, a valid character of `\377' is given to the application as `\377', `\377'. If neither PARMRK nor IGNPAR is set, a framing or parity error (other than break) is given to the application as a single character `\0'. If INPCK is set, input parity checking is enabled. If INPCK is not set, input parity checking is disabled, allowing output parity generation without input parity errors. Note that whether input parity checking is enabled or disabled is independent of whether parity detection is enabled or disabled (see _C_o_n_t_r_o_l _M_o_d_e_s). If parity detection is enabled but input parity checking is disabled, the hardware to which the terminal is con- nected recognizes the parity bit, but the terminal special file does not check whether this bit is set correctly or not. If ISTRIP is set, valid input bytes are first stripped to seven bits, otherwise all eight bits are processed. If INLCR is set, a received NL character is translated into a CR charac- ter. If IGNCR is set, a received CR character is ignored (not read). If IGNCR is not set and ICRNL is set, a received CR character is translated into a NL character. If IXON is set, start/stop output control is enabled. A received STOP character suspends output and a received START character restarts output. If IXANY is also set, then any character may restart output. When IXON is set, START and STOP characters are not read, but merely perform flow con- trol functions. When IXON is not set, the START and STOP characters are read. If IXOFF is set, start/stop input control is enabled. The system shall transmit one or more STOP characters, which are intended to cause the terminal device to stop transmitting data, as needed to prevent the input queue from overflowing and causing the undefined behavior described in _I_n_p_u_t _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g _a_n_d _R_e_a_d_i_n_g _D_a_t_a, and shall transmit one or more START characters, which are intended to cause the terminal device to resume transmitting data, as soon as the device can continue transmitting data without risk of overflowing the input queue. The precise conditions un- der which STOP and START characters are transmitted are implementation defined. If IMAXBEL is set and the input queue is full, subsequent input shall cause an ASCII BEL character to be transmitted to the the output queue. The initial input control value after open() is implementation defined. OOuuttppuutt MMooddeess Values of the _c___o_f_l_a_g field describe the basic terminal output control, and are composed of the following masks: OPOST /* enable following output processing */ ONLCR /* map NL to CR-NL (ala CRMOD) */ OXTABS /* expand tabs to spaces */ ONOEOT /* discard EOT's `^D' on output) */ If OPOST is set, the remaining flag masks are interpreted as follows; otherwise characters are transmitted without change. If ONLCR is set, newlines are translated to carriage return, linefeeds. If OXTABS is set, tabs are expanded to the appropriate number of spaces (assuming 8 column tab stops). If ONOEOT is set, ASCII EOT NS 's are discarded on output. CCoonnttrrooll MMooddeess Values of the _c___c_f_l_a_g field describe the basic terminal hardware control, and are composed of the following masks. Not all values specified are supported by all hardware. CSIZE /* character size mask */ CS5 /* 5 bits (pseudo) */ CS6 /* 6 bits */ CS7 /* 7 bits */ CS8 /* 8 bits */ CSTOPB /* send 2 stop bits */ CREAD /* enable receiver */ PARENB /* parity enable */ PARODD /* odd parity, else even */ HUPCL /* hang up on last close */ CLOCAL /* ignore modem status lines */ CCTS_OFLOW /* CTS flow control of output */ CRTSCTS /* same as CCTS_OFLOW */ CRTS_IFLOW /* RTS flow control of input */ MDMBUF /* flow control output via Carrier */ The CSIZE bits specify the byte size in bits for both transmission and reception. The _c___c_f_l_a_g is masked with CSIZE and compared with the values CS5, CS6, CS7, or CS8. This size does not include the parity bit, if any. If CSTOPB is set, two stop bits are used, otherwise one stop bit. For example, at 110 baud, two stop bits are normally used. If CREAD is set, the receiver is enabled. Otherwise, no character is re- ceived. Not all hardware supports this bit. In fact, this flag is pret- ty silly and if it were not part of the tteerrmmiiooss specification it would be omitted. If PARENB is set, parity generation and detection are enabled and a pari- ty bit is added to each character. If parity is enabled, PARODD speci- fies odd parity if set, otherwise even parity is used. If HUPCL is set, the modem control lines for the port are lowered when the last process with the port open closes the port or the process termi- nates. The modem connection is broken. If CLOCAL is set, a connection does not depend on the state of the modem status lines. If CLOCAL is clear, the modem status lines are monitored. Under normal circumstances, a call to the open() function waits for the modem connection to complete. However, if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set or if CLOCAL has been set, the open() function returns immediately without waiting for the connection. The CCTS_OFLOW (CRTSCTS) flag is currently unused. If MDMBUF is set then output flow control is controlled by the state of Carrier Detect. If the object for which the control modes are set is not an asynchronous serial connection, some of the modes may be ignored; for example, if an attempt is made to set the baud rate on a network connection to a termi- nal on another host, the baud rate may or may not be set on the connec- tion between that terminal and the machine it is directly connected to. LLooccaall MMooddeess Values of the _c___l_f_l_a_g field describe the control of various functions, and are composed of the following masks. ECHOKE /* visual erase for line kill */ ECHOE /* visually erase chars */ ECHO /* enable echoing */ ECHONL /* echo NL even if ECHO is off */ ECHOPRT /* visual erase mode for hardcopy */ ECHOCTL /* echo control chars as ^(Char) */ ISIG /* enable signals INTR, QUIT, [D]SUSP */ ICANON /* canonicalize input lines */ ALTWERASE /* use alternate WERASE algorithm */ IEXTEN /* enable DISCARD and LNEXT */ EXTPROC /* external processing */ TOSTOP /* stop background jobs from output */ FLUSHO /* output being flushed (state) */ NOKERNINFO /* no kernel output from VSTATUS */ PENDIN /* XXX retype pending input (state) */ NOFLSH /* don't flush after interrupt */ If ECHO is set, input characters are echoed back to the terminal. If ECHO is not set, input characters are not echoed. If ECHOE and ICANON are set, the ERASE character causes the terminal to erase the last character in the current line from the display, if possi- ble. If there is no character to erase, an implementation may echo an indication that this was the case or do nothing. If ECHOK and ICANON are set, the KILL character causes the current line to be discarded and the system echoes the `\n' character after the KILL character. If ECHOKE and ICANON are set, the KILL character causes the current line to be discarded and the system causes the terminal to erase the line from the display. If ECHOPRT and ICANON are set, the system assumes that the display is a printing device and prints a backslash and the erased characters when processing ERASE characters, followed by a forward slash. If ECHOCTL is set, the system echoes control characters in a visible fashion using a caret followed by the control character. If ALTWERASE is set, the system uses an alternative algorithm for deter- mining what constitutes a word when processing WERASE characters (see WERASE). If ECHONL and ICANON are set, the `\n' character echoes even if ECHO is not set. If ICANON is set, canonical processing is enabled. This enables the erase and kill edit functions, and the assembly of input characters into lines delimited by NL, EOF, and EOL, as described in _C_a_n_o_n_i_c_a_l _M_o_d_e _I_n_p_u_t _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g. If ICANON is not set, read requests are satisfied directly from the input queue. A read is not satisfied until at least MIN bytes have been re- ceived or the timeout value TIME expired between bytes. The time value represents tenths of seconds. See _N_o_n_c_a_n_o_n_i_c_a_l _M_o_d_e _I_n_p_u_t _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g for more details. If ISIG is set, each input character is checked against the special con- trol characters INTR, QUIT, and SUSP (job control only). If an input character matches one of these control characters, the function associat- ed with that character is performed. If ISIG is not set, no checking is done. Thus these special input functions are possible only if ISIG is set. If IEXTEN is set, implementation-defined functions are recognized from the input data. How IEXTEN being set interacts with ICANON, ISIG, IXON, or IXOFF is implementation defined. If IEXTEN is not set, then implemen- tation-defined functions are not recognized, and the corresponding input characters are not processed as described for ICANON, ISIG, IXON, and IXOFF. If NOFLSH is set, the normal flush of the input and output queues associ- ated with the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters are not be done. If TOSTOP is set, the signal SIGTTOU is sent to the process group of a process that tries to write to its controlling terminal if it is not in the foreground process group for that terminal. This signal, by default, stops the members of the process group. Otherwise, the output generated by that process is output to the current output stream. Processes that are blocking or ignoring SIGTTOU signals are excepted and allowed to pro- duce output and the SIGTTOU signal is not sent. If NOKERNINFO is set, the kernel does not produce a status message when processing STATUS characters (see STATUS). SSppeecciiaall CCoonnttrrooll CChhaarraacctteerrss The special control characters values are defined by the array _c___c_c. This table lists the array index, the corresponding special character, and the system default value. For an accurate list of the system defaults, con- sult the header file <_t_t_y_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_._h>. _I_n_d_e_x _N_a_m_e _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _D_e_f_a_u_l_t _V_a_l_u_e VEOF EOF ^D VEOL EOL _POSIX_VDISABLE VEOL2 EOL2 _POSIX_VDISABLE VERASE ERASE ^? `\177' VWERASE WERASE ^W VKILL KILL ^U VREPRINT REPRINT ^R VINTR INTR ^C VQUIT QUIT ^\\ `\34' VSUSP SUSP ^Z VDSUSP DSUSP ^Y VSTART START ^Q VSTOP STOP ^S VLNEXT LNEXT ^V VDISCARD DISCARD ^O VMIN --- 1 VTIME --- 0 VSTATUS STATUS ^T If the value of one of the changeable special control characters (see _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s) is {_POSIX_VDISABLE}, that function is disabled; that is, no input data is recognized as the disabled special character. If ICANON is not set, the value of {_POSIX_VDISABLE} has no special meaning for the VMIN and VTIME entries of the _c___c_c array. The initial values of the flags and control characters after open() is set according to the values in the header <_s_y_s_/_t_t_y_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_._h>. 4th Berkeley Distribution April 19, 1994 11